Macbeth Tragic Flaw Essay - 1604 Words

William Shakespeare’s ‘Macbeth’, is ranked among the four great tragedies of the world, of ancient as well as of modern times. The concept of the tragedy is Elizabethan. These tragedies are basically tales of suffering that ultimately result in death. The protagonist in these tragedies is not only notably placed socially but is also conspicuous for his qualities of head and heart. In the tragedy, the society is largely affected by the fall of the supremacy of the central character. Like, in Macbeth, the decadence from a hero to a villain greatly affects the fate of the nation, i.e., Scotland. Of all the four tragedies of Shakespeare, Macbeth is the shortest and simplest. The extreme simplicity†¦show more content†¦Despite knowing the dreadful nature of the crime he was committing, Macbeth does not stop himself and goes on to make the nation a synonym of hell. The suffering of Macbeth was justifiable to his wickedness. Chapter 2 Summary of Macbeth The play commences with the scene of the trinity of witches and is then followed by King Duncan getting introduced to the news of Macbeth and Banquo’s victory over the two treacherous noblemen, Thane of Cawdor and Macdonworld. Macbeth is praised as ‘Valour’s minion’, ‘Bellona’s bridegroom’, and King Duncan has full faith in his loyalty. Macbeth and Banquo encounter– the trio of witches on their way back to the King’s landing and the witches address Macbeth as the Thane of Cawdor and also prophecy that he is soon to become the King of Scotland. They also forecast that Banquo would be the father of the King. The messengers of the king soon arrive and greet Macbeth with his new title, and hence proving the first prophecy to be true. That strikes a light of hope in Macbeth’s heart that perhaps he would soon become the King of Scotland as predicted by the witches. He informs his wife, Lady Macbeth about all thi s. They are embraced affectionately by the King and in the honor of Macbeth the King declares that he wouldShow MoreRelatedEssay on Shakespeares Macbeth - The Tragic Hero717 Words   |  3 PagesMacbeth - The Tragic Hero      Ã‚  Ã‚   Every true Elizabethan Tragedy comes complete with a tragic hero.   The tragedy Macbeth, written by William Shakespeare, has a perfect example of a tragic hero, otherwise known as Macbeth.   A tragic hero must be a man who is great and admirable in various ways.   He should be placed in society in such a way that everything he does affects all of the members of his society.   A tragic hero should at some point reach the top of Fortune’s Wheel, but land upRead MoreSimilarities Between Odysseus And Macbeth1357 Words   |  6 PagesEven though they are both heroes there are many differences between Homer’s Odysseus and Shakespeares Macbeth. Theses differences come from the fact that Odysseus is an epic hero, while Macbeth is a tragic hero. Common traits of a tragic hero are the hero is of noble birth the hero possesses a tragic flaw that eventually leads to his downfall. The flaw offer has to do with excessive pride also known as hubris. On the other hand, epic heroes are larger than life and embody the values of particularRead More Shakespeares Macbeth as Tragic Hero Essay examples872 Words   |  4 PagesMacbeth as Tragic Hero      Ã‚  Ã‚   Aristotle defined a tragic character is a man who â€Å"falls into misfortune through some flaw. (Grube, 5) Shakespeares tragic hero is a man who falls from his position of honor and respect due to a flaw in character and ultimately arrives at a fatal end. (Nostbakken, 2) Macbeth is an epitome of a tragic hero. He had a good nature, but was driven by greed and a quest for power. Macbeth had been a military hero,   loved and praised by the people, but his blind ambitionRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Macbeth And Antigone 1022 Words   |  5 Pages Raghu Tekumalla Ms. Tanaka Honors Humanities 03/03/16 Macbeth and Antigone Essay A tragedy is a story which is centered on a character who does something terrible, and as they realize what they have done, the world around them crumbles. Macbeth, by William Shakespeare, is about how Macbeth and Banquo are met by three witches bearing prophetic greetings. Macbeth is told that he will become king. The rest of the play follows Macbeth into the depths of darkness as he seeks the crown not caring aboutRead More Shakespeares Macbeth - Lady Macbeth and the Tragic Flaw Are to Blame812 Words   |  4 PagesLady Macbeth and the Tragic Flaw Are to Blame      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  ...Go pronounce his present death,/ And with his former title greet Macbeth.   (Act 1, Scene 2, 64-65)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Though the word death in this sentence refers to the former thane of Cawdors demise, Shakespeare uses the clever trick of foreshadowing Macbeths downfall by coupling the word death with the word Macbeth so early in the tragedy.   The quote has another importance   it introduces the ideas of treachery and personal gain from less-than-legitimateRead MoreGreek Theater: Tragedy Essay941 Words   |  4 Pagesthe performance were always outdoors. Greek theatre has had comedy and tragedy where comedies the heroes are ironic and disengaged to the situations. With the tragedy, heroes often respond with emotions such as pride, rage, lust, envy or grief. This essay will focus on the tragedy side of Greek theatre. Aristotle says that tragedy â€Å"is not the imitations of persons but of actions and of life.† (Butcher 1961). Here â€Å"imitationâ⠂¬  meaning ‘mimesis’-poet creating a image out of nothing, representing realityRead MoreWas Macbeth a Tragic Hero?1099 Words   |  5 Pages2013 The Epidemic Of a Tragic Hero Macbeth is a very tragic story. Three witches tell Macbeth that he will become the thane of Cawdor, the thane of glams and will also become the king. Macbeth overcomes and fails throughout this story to try and make these prophesies reality. Macbeth goes through many situations and faces many deaths as he thrives to become leader. A hero is a person who is admired or idealized for courage, outstanding achievements or noble qualities. Macbeth had courage throughoutRead MoreMacbeth as a Shakespearean Tragic Hero Essay example849 Words   |  4 PagesMacbeth as a Shakespearean Tragic Hero In this essay I will explore the theory made by A.C Bradley, that each of Shakespeares man characters, are tragic heroes. This is that at the start of play, the character is usually somebody of high status; for example, Macbeth is the Thane of Glamis and he has a very high reputation for being a hero in war. Then as in A.C Bradleys theory, his character starts to flaw and eventually at the end of the play he dies. I will compareRead MoreCompare and Contrast Between Shakesperean Tragic Heroes1386 Words   |  6 PagesCompare and Contrast Essay Shakespeare Tragic Heroes: Macbeth and Brutus Kyla Yu English 11 August 4th, 2008 William Shakespeare is a world renowned English poet and playwright famous for many tragic plays such as Macbeth and Julius Caesar. These two plays both contain tragic heroes with Marcus Brutus from Julius Caesar, and Macbeth from Macbeth. A tragic hero is defined as a protagonist of high standing with heroic or potential heroic abilities who must oppose some external or internalRead MoreMacbeth was doomed by fate or by a flaw in his character.847 Words   |  3 PagesESSAY: In the play Macbeth by William Shakespeare, it is very controversial whether or not Macbeth was doomed by fate or by a flaw in his character. It could be argued that Macbeth was doomed both by fate and by a flaw in his character. On one hand, the role of the witches influence could be regarded as a major external force that exploited Macbeth s character flaws. However, on the other hand, Macbeth s ambitious nature and greed for power was the flaw in his character that ultimately led to

Organized Crime Exam 2 Study Guide Free Essays

Exam Review 3/28/13 10:32 AM Rockefeller and Standard Oil (2) Proliferation of organized crime caused by: †¢ Collapse of Soviet Union †¢ Explosion of global markets Primary businesses †¢ Drugs †¢ Arms †¢ Human Trafficking – 3rd largest growing criminal industry o Article Handed out – On Test o 2 Components ? Labor ? Sex Trafficking o 1/3 of human trafficking resources come from craigslist Globalization and nexus of terrorism, differences from org crime †¢ Terrorism is inherently an organization that destroys politics, organized crime nurtures and infiltrates politics. Terr subvert government, org crime wants to maintain and run a parallel organiztion Where organized crime groups thrive †¢ Tri-border coiuntries – ability to cross, human trafficking, etc. Al Queda †¢ Using La Comorra to forge documents 3 different types of traditional organized crime †¢ Sicilian †¢ La Comorra from Sp prisons †¢ L’Ndranga? Popular in Australia and Canada, origin in slums of Collabria, Italy 4 types †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ of terrorism Criminal – profit, psychological gain Ecoterrorists Ideological terrorism – effort to change political power. We will write a custom essay sample on Organized Crime Exam 2 Study Guide or any similar topic only for you Order Now Mubarak in Egypt Nationalistic terrorism – terr activity that supports the interest of an ethnic or ____ group EX Afghanistan †¢ State sponsored terrorism – state threaten to use violence internationally, N KOREA Theories behind org crime †¢ Anomie – normlessness by Angle Durkheim. Robert Murton picked up on that theory. Break down his concept into GOALS and MEANS. 5 Categories of ppl o Conformity o Innovation o Ritualism o Retreatism o Rebellion Edwin Sutherland Theory of_____ †¢ Close, intimate personal groups teach you mechanics and justification for criminal behavior Shawn McCay †¢ Concentric circles, Zone 2 the Zone of transition, where most crim activity is identified Theory of Olin – theory of relative deprivation and differential opportunity †¢ 3 categories o Retreat o Conflict o Criminal Ethnic succession concept Motorcycle Gangs †¢ 1%ers †¢ Probate, Citizen, Run, Colors, Significance of Harley Davidson repair manual †¢ 4 most notorious gangs †¢ Who Sonny Barger is Latino Organized Crime †¢ Columbia – world’s primary cocaine industry. o Political strife, civil war between wealthy landowners la Valencia o Castro overthrows Batista, how many narcotraffickers settle in N America o How Columbians began to export cocaine to Cuba, but eventually Cuba becomes their own organization o Medallin – first significant Columbian Cartel (Criminal Network resembling a holding company or corporation). Ocha family, primary family in the medallin cartel. ? Pablo Escobar – 1970s nothing but a drug dealer. By 1980s, emerged to such power that he attempted to engotaiot with Columbian govt to forego xtradition. They refused, he continues to promote drug organizeiton until he was assassinated o Followed by Cali Cartel ? Elmhurst Jackson Heights in Queens NY – little Columbia ? The Rejula brothers founded it. Incarcerated †¢ Mexico o PRI rule mexico for 70 years. Taken over by opposition party under Vicente fox †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ o Drug trafficking – initially working with Columbians, ****For every 2kilos brought in, Columbians gave 1 free**** Eventually Mexicans establish their own contacts – grow a majority of cocaine in Bolivia and peru, operate independently of Columbia o Amazucas Cartel – distinct notoriety in Methamohetamine o Sonola Cotel – Gusman/El Chapo / Shorty – mentioned in an ARTICLE ? How most powerful drug traffickers run their business o Tijuana Cartel – borders San Diego. ? Operated by 7 brothers, 4 sisters. o Sonora Cartel – borders Arizona Dominican Republic o Notorious transshipment point o Uptown manhattan part of Washington Heights Known for moving large amts of heroin and crack cocaine v powder coke MS13 o El Salvador formed o Notoriously violent in el Salvador and N America La M o Prison based gang o Rely on wholesale violence o Now rivals a second Mexican-American Gang LA NUESTRA FAMILIA o Mexican Mafia still fueds with them o Primary business since it was formed in prisons is providing heroin in the Mexican prison system ARTICLE A JOURNEY INTO HELL – Not on test ***** 3/28/13 10:32 AM 3/28/13 10:32 AM How to cite Organized Crime Exam 2 Study Guide, Essay examples Organized Crime Exam 2 Study Guide Free Essays Exam Review 3/28/13 10:32 AM Rockefeller and Standard Oil (2) Proliferation of organized crime caused by: †¢ Collapse of Soviet Union †¢ Explosion of global markets Primary businesses †¢ Drugs †¢ Arms †¢ Human Trafficking – 3rd largest growing criminal industry o Article Handed out – On Test o 2 Components ? Labor ? Sex Trafficking o 1/3 of human trafficking resources come from craigslist Globalization and nexus of terrorism, differences from org crime †¢ Terrorism is inherently an organization that destroys politics, organized crime nurtures and infiltrates politics. Terr subvert government, org crime wants to maintain and run a parallel organiztion Where organized crime groups thrive †¢ Tri-border coiuntries – ability to cross, human trafficking, etc. Al Queda †¢ Using La Comorra to forge documents 3 different types of traditional organized crime †¢ Sicilian †¢ La Comorra from Sp prisons †¢ L’Ndranga? Popular in Australia and Canada, origin in slums of Collabria, Italy 4 types †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ of terrorism Criminal – profit, psychological gain Ecoterrorists Ideological terrorism – effort to change political power. We will write a custom essay sample on Organized Crime Exam 2 Study Guide or any similar topic only for you Order Now Mubarak in Egypt Nationalistic terrorism – terr activity that supports the interest of an ethnic or ____ group EX Afghanistan †¢ State sponsored terrorism – state threaten to use violence internationally, N KOREA Theories behind org crime †¢ Anomie – normlessness by Angle Durkheim. Robert Murton picked up on that theory. Break down his concept into GOALS and MEANS. 5 Categories of ppl o Conformity o Innovation o Ritualism o Retreatism o Rebellion Edwin Sutherland Theory of_____ †¢ Close, intimate personal groups teach you mechanics and justification for criminal behavior Shawn McCay †¢ Concentric circles, Zone 2 the Zone of transition, where most crim activity is identified Theory of Olin – theory of relative deprivation and differential opportunity †¢ 3 categories o Retreat o Conflict o Criminal Ethnic succession concept Motorcycle Gangs †¢ 1%ers †¢ Probate, Citizen, Run, Colors, Significance of Harley Davidson repair manual †¢ 4 most notorious gangs †¢ Who Sonny Barger is Latino Organized Crime †¢ Columbia – world’s primary cocaine industry. o Political strife, civil war between wealthy landowners la Valencia o Castro overthrows Batista, how many narcotraffickers settle in N America o How Columbians began to export cocaine to Cuba, but eventually Cuba becomes their own organization o Medallin – first significant Columbian Cartel (Criminal Network resembling a holding company or corporation). Ocha family, primary family in the medallin cartel. ? Pablo Escobar – 1970s nothing but a drug dealer. By 1980s, emerged to such power that he attempted to engotaiot with Columbian govt to forego xtradition. They refused, he continues to promote drug organizeiton until he was assassinated o Followed by Cali Cartel ? Elmhurst Jackson Heights in Queens NY – little Columbia ? The Rejula brothers founded it. Incarcerated †¢ Mexico o PRI rule mexico for 70 years. Taken over by opposition party under Vicente fox †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ o Drug trafficking – initially working with Columbians, ****For every 2kilos brought in, Columbians gave 1 free**** Eventually Mexicans establish their own contacts – grow a majority of cocaine in Bolivia and peru, operate independently of Columbia o Amazucas Cartel – distinct notoriety in Methamohetamine o Sonola Cotel – Gusman/El Chapo / Shorty – mentioned in an ARTICLE ? How most powerful drug traffickers run their business o Tijuana Cartel – borders San Diego. ? Operated by 7 brothers, 4 sisters. o Sonora Cartel – borders Arizona Dominican Republic o Notorious transshipment point o Uptown manhattan part of Washington Heights Known for moving large amts of heroin and crack cocaine v powder coke MS13 o El Salvador formed o Notoriously violent in el Salvador and N America La M o Prison based gang o Rely on wholesale violence o Now rivals a second Mexican-American Gang LA NUESTRA FAMILIA o Mexican Mafia still fueds with them o Primary business since it was formed in prisons is providing heroin in the Mexican prison system ARTICLE A JOURNEY INTO HELL – Not on test ***** 3/28/13 10:32 AM 3/28/13 10:32 AM How to cite Organized Crime Exam 2 Study Guide, Papers

Black Death1 Essay Example For Students

Black Death1 Essay The Black Death serves as a major turning point in the history of European civilization. The arrival of both the bubonic and pneumonic plagues threw Europe as a whole into an economic, social, and political tailspin. Europe was already on its collective way down economically due to declining areas of cultivation and the effects of prolonged warfare when, in 1347, the Black Death set upon the Europeans. For the next 100 years, Europeans would have to adapt to an extremely different and difficult lifestyle. The Plague cut through Europe like a giant scythe. Toulouse and the rural areas surrounding Pistoia lost close to two-thirds of their respective populations. Citizens began to seek isolation from each other, trying desperately to avoid infection. Cities were abandoned by their populations who were fleeing to the countryside. Farmers and other rural inhabitants were forced to move because of the vast numbers of people moving away from their cities and towns. With many dead and others not coming to work, crops were not harvested and factories and plants were slowed. Thus prices for everyday items skyrocketed. The Black Death severely accelerated and intensified Europes depression. The Plague also contributed to many of the citizen uprisings. Common people began to see that the rich and those in power were not exempt from the rules of the Black Death. The Plague could and did attack the papacy. When the common citizens realized the high class and the rulers were dying and suffering just as they were, commoners started insurrections. Lay people all over Europe saw that the rich were not much different from them as they were told to believe. The church was also attacked due to the Black Death. In Rome, the pope decided to move to Avignon because of the turmoil in Central Italy. Many different factions and subcultures developed. Radical religious leaders urged people to go their own way or seek isolation because man is good in nature whereas the church had always preached man is born into sin. Eckhart, Wyclif, and Hus all preached and taught beliefs that were not church sanctioned. Politically Europe was in shambles. Countries fought each other while their citizen s fought themselves. France and England were engaged in the Hundred Years War that was a series of battles that went on from 1337-1453. Germany was in a state of anarchy from 1350 to 1450. The many independent princes of Germany continually fought against each other. England was hit hard at home as well. Of the nine kings that came to power between 1307 and 1485, five died at the hands of conspirators or due to revolts. Also, Englands incompetent government helped fan the flames of the War or the Roses between House of Lancaster and the House of York. The Black Plague played a pivotal rule in shaping Europe into its present day state. The Black Death was a setback but it also served as a reminder and experience needed to show human drive and will to live by our own means. Bibliography:

Visiting the National Gallery of Art

Introduction Since the very humble beginnings of human civilization man has had ways of expressing his feelings and emotions about others, his society, environments, and significant historical events like battles with other communities or immigration episodes as well as his normal and bizarre imaginations. Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Visiting the National Gallery of Art specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More These ways range from music, literary works to creative works of art like paintings. For instance, during Stone Age period man did Rock Art whereby he painted on the walls of his cave dwellings the animals he hunted and tools that he was making among other thrilling experiences in his life and lives of his ancestors as he understood it from those who narrated it to him. Art has been a major component of all human civilizations world over and has evolved alongside other aspects of our cultures to an extent tha t today the most talented creative artists like painters and musicians are celebrated individuals who hold esteemed social status envied by many. The purpose of this task is to discuss three works of art identified during my visit to the National Gallery of Art. Themes in Works of Art Every human action is underpinned by a certain motive. In other words, whatever man engages in is fundamentally a means of expressing his thoughts, interests and aspirations. Arguably then, man’s historical and present tangible achievements is a manifestation of his thoughts and aspirations. Works of art is a perfect means through which man expresses his feelings, ideas and perceptions about every aspect of his life. This fact explains why documented and well preserved works of art are reliable sources of information for historians and other scholars like anthropologists and artists seeking to understand certain aspects of peoples’ culture in the past. In a nut shell, all works of art ar e thematic in the sense that they have meaning which a keen observer can decipher as illustrated in the following works of art discussed in this task. The Battle of La Hogue (1778) Benjamin West painting titled The Battle of La Hogue is a classic piece of creativity. It was painted in 1778. The Battle of La Hogue is a historical painting. This painting is a depiction of the feud that ensued when Louis XIV of France attempted d to restore his fellow Catholic James II to the throne of England. After nine years Benjamin West used his artistic prowess to give a picture of the patriotic scene that has been dismissed by critics as a mere propaganda. Thematically, this painting represents turbulent political and power happenings in Western European countries as well as the role that religion was playing in politics.Advertising Looking for essay on art and design? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Mortlake Terrace (1827) Mortlake Terra ce painting is an 1827 art work by Joseph Mallord William Turner. Mortlake Terrace painting is an environmental portrait. This painting portrays Mortlake Terrace which was situated next to the Royal Botanical Gardens at Kew. It is a perfect representation of British topography of the early 1880s.Thematically, this piece is a show of the artist feeling and perception of the changing British landscapes. The Death of the Earl of Chatham (1779) The Death of the Earl of Chatham was done by the Boston-based portraitist John Singleton Copley in 1779.This painting is a representation of the tragic death of William Pitt, the 1st Earl of Chatham on April 1778.In the middle of his speech during a discussion about colonial radicals, Pitt suffered from stroke and met his death one month later. His death meant a lot because he was one of the leading British ambassadorial moderates during the important American War of independence. Thematically, it is a representation of politics of those time an d those who were driving the political agendas of the day. Conclusion Art is an important component of our culture which offers talented individuals a perfect means through which to manifest our feelings and emotions about all aspects of our life. It offers people an opportunity for people to portray their thoughts and aspirations as well as those of the early members of the society. It captures perfectly our experiences and perceptions regarding everything that we encounter in our day to day activities Lazzari and Schlesier (2006). Works Cited Lazzari, Margaret and Schlesier, Dona. Exploring art: Â  a global, thematic approach. Belmont, CA: Â  Thomson, 2006. Print.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Visiting the National Gallery of Art specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This essay on Visiting the National Gallery of Art was written and submitted by user Lexi T. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

World War 1-Beginning of Modern times essays

World War 1-Beginning of Modern times essays The First World War is usually regarded as the commencement of the modern era. In reason of the Wars implication in some of the most significant changes in culture, economy, and government throughout the world, it is considered as the launch of a whole new set of outlooks of the world. An important aspect of the contemporary era is globalization of markets and international power politics built on fiscal concerns. The involvement of Canada and the United States of America into World War I marked one of the main variations of international economic and military influence in the twentieth century. Previously, Europe controlled practically all world affairs. During the war, America supplied the additional periphery of victory for the European countries and influenced the materialization of many treaties after the war. Due to their participation in the First World War, Americas economic dominance was established in the world, and they were able to globalise their industries. In America, World War I symbolises the formation of the current bureaucratic state; there was a huge expansion of the federal government and greater intrusion of the government into the lives of individuals. Important social tensions also emerge in the post-war world: class conflicts seen in labour and food riots during the war encouraged ethnic divisions that carried into the 1920s. The results of these rebellions were seen in the Red Scare and immigration restriction, and in the revival of the Ku Klux Klan. After World War I, the rise of mass consumer societies promotes new values of materialism, leisure, self-fulfillment, and sexual freedom. This trend flashes an enormous bang in the financial system and grants an opportunity for new and upcoming industries. Somehow, the war contributed to all these events which ultimately brang about the modern era. That is why the First World War is seen as the mark the instigator of the modern era....

New to Old SAT Conversion - Official Formulas and Tools

New to Old SAT Conversion - Official Formulas and Tools SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips As of March 5, 2016, the new SAT is out. This means that those who took the old 2400-point SAT may want to know what their new 1600-point SAT score would have been, and vice versa. This information is critical for when you research and apply to scholarships and colleges that use a different version of the SAT than the one you took. Here, we give theofficial conversionsbetween old SAT and new SAT scores. These conversions come directly from the College Board, and we've made automatic conversion tools to make it easier for you! Converting from Old SAT to New SAT Do you have your old SAT score, including the scores for each section: Writing, Mathematics, and Critical Reading? If so,just plug your current numbers into the left hand side below, and your new total will pop out automatically on the right! Enter your old 2400 SAT here: Old Math (max 800) Old Reading(max 800) Old Writing (max 800) Get new 1600 SAT scores here: Old Total SAT (max 2400) New Math (max 800) New Reading + Writing (max 800) New Total SAT (max 1600) // 800) { $(this).val(800); } var m = parseInt($("#in_old_math").val()); var w = parseInt($("#in_old_writing").val()); var c = parseInt($("#in_old_critical").val()); var old_r = w + c var old_total = m + c + w; var new_m; var new_r; var new_total; if (isNaN(m)) { $("#out_new_math").val(''); } else { switch (m) { case 200:new_m = 200;break;case 210:new_m = 220;break;case 220:new_m = 230;break;case 230:new_m = 250;break;case 240:new_m = 260;break;case 250:new_m = 280;break;case 260:new_m = 300;break;case 270:new_m = 310;break;case 280:new_m = 330;break;case 290:new_m = 340;break;case 300:new_m = 350;break;case 310:new_m = 360;break;case 320:new_m = 360;break;case 330:new_m = 370;break;case 340:new_m = 380;break;case 350:new_m = 390;break;case 360:new_m = 400;break;case 370:new_m = 410;break;case 380:new_m = 420;break;case 390:new_m = 430;break;case 400:new_m = 440;break;case 410:new_m = 450;break;case 420:new_m = 460;break;case 430:new_m = 470;break;case 440:new_m = 480;break;case 450:new_m = 490;break;case 460:new_m = 500;break;case 470:new_m = 510;break;case 480:new_m = 510;break;case 490:new_m = 520;break;case 500:new_m = 530;break;case 510:new_m = 540;break;case 520:new_m = 550;break;case 530:new_m = 560;break;case 540:new_m = 570;break;case 550:new_m = 570;break;ca se 560:new_m = 580;break;case 570:new_m = 590;break;case 580:new_m = 600;break;case 590:new_m = 610;break;case 600:new_m = 620;break;case 610:new_m = 630;break;case 620:new_m = 640;break;case 630:new_m = 650;break;case 640:new_m = 660;break;case 650:new_m = 670;break;case 660:new_m = 690;break;case 670:new_m = 700;break;case 680:new_m = 710;break;case 690:new_m = 720;break;case 700:new_m = 730;break;case 710:new_m = 740;break;case 720:new_m = 750;break;case 730:new_m = 760;break;case 740:new_m = 760;break;case 750:new_m = 770;break;case 760:new_m = 780;break;case 770:new_m = 780;break;case 780:new_m = 790;break;case 790:new_m = 800;break;case 800:new_m = 800;break; } $("#out_new_math").val(new_m); } if (isNaN(old_r)) { $("#out_new_verbal").val(''); } else { switch (old_r) { case 400:new_r = 200;break;case 410:new_r = 210;break;case 420:new_r = 220;break;case 430:new_r = 230;break;case 440:new_r = 240;break;case 450:new_r = 260;break;case 460:new_r = 270;break;case 470:new_r = 280;break;case 480:new_r = 290;break;case 490:new_r = 300;break;case 500:new_r = 310;break;case 510:new_r = 310;break;case 520:new_r = 320;break;case 530:new_r = 320;break;case 540:new_r = 330;break;case 550:new_r = 330;break;case 560:new_r = 330;break;case 570:new_r = 340;break;case 580:new_r = 340;break;case 590:new_r = 350;break;case 600:new_r = 350;break;case 610:new_r = 360;break;case 620:new_r = 360;break;case 630:new_r = 360;break;case 640:new_r = 370;break;case 650:new_r = 370;break;case 660:new_r = 380;break;case 670:new_r = 380;break;case 680:new_r = 390;break;case 690:new_r = 390;break;case 700:new_r = 400;break;case 710:new_r = 400;break;case 720:new_r = 410;break;case 730:new_r = 410;break;case 740:new_r = 420;break;case 750:new_r = 420;break;ca se 760:new_r = 430;break;case 770:new_r = 430;break;case 780:new_r = 440;break;case 790:new_r = 440;break;case 800:new_r = 450;break;case 810:new_r = 450;break;case 820:new_r = 460;break;case 830:new_r = 460;break;case 840:new_r = 470;break;case 850:new_r = 480;break;case 860:new_r = 480;break;case 870:new_r = 490;break;case 880:new_r = 490;break;case 890:new_r = 500;break;case 900:new_r = 500;break;case 910:new_r = 510;break;case 920:new_r = 510;break;case 930:new_r = 520;break;case 940:new_r = 530;break;case 950:new_r = 530;break;case 960:new_r = 540;break;case 970:new_r = 540;break;case 980:new_r = 550;break;case 990:new_r = 550;break;case 1000:new_r = 560;break;case 1010:new_r = 560;break;case 1020:new_r = 570;break;case 1030:new_r = 570;break;case 1040:new_r = 580;break;case 1050:new_r = 580;break;case 1060:new_r = 590;break;case 1070:new_r = 590;break;case 1080:new_r = 600;break;case 1090:new_r = 600;break;case 1100:new_r = 610;break;case 1110:new_r = 610;break;case 1120:new_r = 620;break;case 1130:new_r = 620;break;case 1140:new_r = 630;break;case 1150:new_r = 630;break;case 1160:new_r = 640;break;case 1170:new_r = 640;break;case 1180:new_r = 650;break;case 1190:new_r = 650;break;case 1200:new_r = 650;break;case 1210:new_r = 660;break;case 1220:new_r = 660;break;case 1230:new_r = 670;break;case 1240:new_r = 670;break;case 1250:new_r = 680;break;case 1260:new_r = 680;break;case 1270:new_r = 680;break;case 1280:new_r = 690;break;case 1290:new_r = 690;break;case 1300:new_r = 700;break;case 1310:new_r = 700;break;case 1320:new_r = 700;break;case 1330:new_r = 710;break;case 1340:new_r = 710;break;case 1350:new_r = 710;break;case 1360:new_r = 720;break;case 1370:new_r = 720;break;case 1380:new_r = 730;break;case 1390:new_r = 730;break;case 1400:new_r = 730;break;case 1410:new_r = 740;break;case 1420:new_r = 740;break;case 1430:new_r = 740;break;case 1440:new_r = 750;break;case 1450:new_r = 750;break;case 1460:new_r = 750;break;case 1470:new_r = 760;break;case 1480:new_r = 760;break;case 1490:new_r = 760;break;case 1500:new_r = 770;break;case 1510:new_r = 770;break;case 1520:new_r = 770;break;case 1530:new_r = 780;break;case 1540:new_r = 780;break;case 1550:new_r = 780;break;case 1560:new_r = 790;break;case 1570:new_r = 790;break;case 1580:new_r = 800;break;case 1590:new_r = 800;break;case 1600:new_r = 800;break; } $("#out_new_verbal").val(new_r); } if (!isNaN(old_total)) { $("#out_old_total").val(old_total); switch (old_total) {case 600: new_total = 400; break; case 610: new_total = 410; break; case 620: new_total = 420; break; case 630: new_total = 430; break; case 640: new_total = 440; break; case 650: new_total = 450; break; case 660: new_total = 460; break; case 670: new_total = 470; break; case 680: new_total = 480; break; case 690: new_total = 490; break; case 700: new_total = 500; break; case 710: new_total = 510; break; case 720: new_total = 520; break; case 730: new_total = 530; break; case 740: new_total = 540; break; case 750: new_total = 550; break; case 760: new_total = 560; break; case 770: new_total = 580; break; case 780: new_total = 590; break; case 790: new_total = 600; break; case 800: new_total = 610; break; case 810: new_total = 620; break; case 820: new_total = 630; break; case 830: new_total = 640; break; case 840: new_total = 650; break; case 850: new_total = 660; break; case 860: new_total = 670; break; case 870: new_total = 680; break; case 880: new_total = 690; break; case 890: new_total = 690; break; case 900: new_total = 700; break; case 910: new_total = 710; break; case 920: new_total = 710; break; case 930: new_total = 720; break; case 940: new_total = 730; break; case 950: new_total = 730; break; case 960: new_total = 740; break; case 970: new_total = 740; break; case 980: new_total = 750; break; case 990: new_total = 760; break; case 1000: new_total = 760; break; case 1010: new_total = 770; break; case 1020: new_total = 780; break; case 1030: new_total = 780; break; case 1040: new_total = 790; break; case 1050: new_total = 800; break; case 1060: new_total = 800; break; case 1070: new_total = 810; break; case 1080: new_total = 810; break; case 1090: new_total = 820; break; case 1100: new_total = 830; break; case 1110: new_total = 830; break; case 1120: new_total = 840; break; case 1130: new_total = 850; break; case 1140: new_total = 850; break; case 1150: new_total = 860; break; case 1160: new_total = 870; break; case 1170: new_ total = 870; break; case 1180: new_total = 880; break; case 1190: new_total = 890; break; case 1200: new_total = 890; break; case 1210: new_total = 900; break; case 1220: new_total = 910; break; case 1230: new_total = 910; break; case 1240: new_total = 920; break; case 1250: new_total = 930; break; case 1260: new_total = 930; break; case 1270: new_total = 940; break; case 1280: new_total = 950; break; case 1290: new_total = 950; break; case 1300: new_total = 960; break; case 1310: new_total = 970; break; case 1320: new_total = 980; break; case 1330: new_total = 980; break; case 1340: new_total = 990; break; case 1350: new_total = 1000; break; case 1360: new_total = 1000; break; case 1370: new_total = 1010; break; case 1380: new_total = 1020; break; case 1390: new_total = 1020; break; case 1400: new_total = 1030; break; case 1410: new_total = 1030; break; case 1420: new_total = 1040; break; case 1430: new_total = 1050; break; case 1440: new_total = 1050; break; case 1450: new_total = 1060; break; case 1460: new_total = 1070; break; case 1470: new_total = 1070; break; case 1480: new_total = 1080; break; case 1490: new_total = 1090; break; case 1500: new_total = 1090; break; case 1510: new_total = 1100; break; case 1520: new_total = 1110; break; case 1530: new_total = 1110; break; case 1540: new_total = 1120; break; case 1550: new_total = 1120; break; case 1560: new_total = 1130; break; case 1570: new_total = 1140; break; case 1580: new_total = 1140; break; case 1590: new_total = 1150; break; case 1600: new_total = 1160; break; case 1610: new_total = 1160; break; case 1620: new_total = 1170; break; case 1630: new_total = 1180; break; case 1640: new_total = 1180; break; case 1650: new_total = 1190; break; case 1660: new_total = 1200; break; case 1670: new_total = 1200; break; case 1680: new_total = 1210; break; case 1690: new_total = 1210; break; case 1700: new_total = 1220; break; case 1710: new_total = 1230; break; case 1720: new_total = 1230; break; case 1730: new_total = 1240; break; case 1740: new_total = 1250; break; case 1750: new_total = 1250; break; case 1760: new_total = 1260; break; case 1770: new_total = 1270; break; case 1780: new_total = 1270; break; case 1790: new_total = 1280; break; case 1800: new_total = 1290; break; case 1810: new_total = 1290; break; case 1820: new_total = 1300; break; case 1830: new_total = 1300; break; case 1840: new_total = 1310; break; case 1850: new_total = 1320; break; case 1860: new_total = 1320; break; case 1870: new_total = 1330; break; case 1880: new_total = 1340; break; case 1890: new_total = 1340; break; case 1900: new_total = 1350; break; case 1910: new_total = 1350; break; case 1920: new_total = 1360; break; case 1930: new_total = 1370; break; case 1940: new_total = 1370; break; case 1950: new_total = 1380; break; case 1960: new_total = 1380; break; case 1970: new_total = 1390; break; case 1980: new_total = 1400; break; case 1990: new_total = 1400; break; case 2000: new_total = 1410; break; case 2010: new_total = 1410; break; case 2020: new_total = 1420; break; case 2030: new_total = 1430; break; case 2040: new_total = 1430; break; case 2050: new_total = 1440; break; case 2060: new_total = 1440; break; case 2070: new_total = 1450; break; case 2080: new_total = 1450; break; case 2090: new_total = 1460; break; case 2100: new_total = 1470; break; case 2110: new_total = 1470; break; case 2120: new_total = 1480; break; case 2130: new_total = 1480; break; case 2140: new_total = 1490; break; case 2150: new_total = 1490; break; case 2160: new_total = 1500; break; case 2170: new_total = 1500; break; case 2180: new_total = 1510; break; case 2190: new_total = 1510; break; case 2200: new_total = 1510; break; case 2210: new_total = 1520; break; case 2220: new_total = 1520; break; case 2230: new_total = 1530; break; case 2240: new_total = 1530; break; case 2250: new_total = 1540; break; case 2260: new_total = 1540; break; case 2270: new_total = 1550; break; case 2280: new_total = 15 50; break; case 2290: new_total = 1550; break; case 2300: new_total = 1560; break; case 2310: new_total = 1560; break; case 2320: new_total = 1570; break; case 2330: new_total = 1570; break; case 2340: new_total = 1580; break; case 2350: new_total = 1580; break; case 2360: new_total = 1590; break; case 2370: new_total = 1590; break; case 2380: new_total = 1590; break; case 2390: new_total = 1600; break; case 2400: new_total = 1600; break; } $("#out_new_total").val(new_total); var old_to_new_error_payload = "Why don't the section scores add up to the total score? Summing ".concat(new_m.toString()," and ",new_r.toString()," gives ",(new_m+new_r).toString(),", not ",new_total.toString(),"! The reason is that the College Board has one conversion table for individual sections (like Math to Math), and another for total to total conversion. They try to make each individual conversion as accurate as possible, which leads to some inconsistencies. You can read more here.Long story short? Don't worry about it. These are only meant to be estimates anyway. The two totals are ",Math.abs(new_total-new_r-new_m).toString()," points apart - just split the difference and use that value for what you need."); if (new_total != (new_r + new_m)) { document.getElementById("old_to_new_error").innerHTML = old_to_new_error_payload; } else { document.getElementById("old_to_new_error").innerHTML = ""; } } else { $("#out_old_total").val(''); $("#out_new_total").val(''); document.getElementById("old_to_new_error").innerHTML = ""; } }); }); // ]]> New 1600 SAT to Old 2400 SAT Conversion Tool Alternatively, if you want to input your New SAT scores and get old SAT scores back, here's how to do it: Enter your new 1600 SAT here: New Math (max 800) New Reading + Writing (max 800) Get old 2400 SAT scoreshere: New Total SAT (max 1600) Old Math (max 800) Old Reading + Writing (max 1600) Old Total SAT (max 2400) // 800) { $(this).val(800); } var new_m = parseInt($("#in_new_math").val()); var new_v = parseInt($("#in_new_verbal").val()); new_total = new_m + new_v var old_m; var old_v; var old_total; if (isNaN(new_m)) { $("#out_old_math").val(''); } else { switch (new_m) { case 200: old_m = 200; break; case 210: old_m = 200; break; case 220: old_m = 210; break; case 230: old_m = 220; break; case 240: old_m = 220; break; case 250: old_m = 230; break; case 260: old_m = 240; break; case 270: old_m = 240; break; case 280: old_m = 250; break; case 290: old_m = 260; break; case 300: old_m = 260; break; case 310: old_m = 270; break; case 320: old_m = 280; break; case 330: old_m = 280; break; case 340: old_m = 290; break; case 350: old_m = 300; break; case 360: old_m = 310; break; case 370: old_m = 330; break; case 380: old_m = 340; break; case 390: old_m = 350; break; case 400: old_m = 360; break; case 410: old_m = 370; break; case 420: old_m = 380; break; case 430: old_m = 390; break; case 440: old_m = 400; break; case 450: old_m = 410; break; case 460: old_m = 420; break; case 470: old_m = 430; break; case 480: old_m = 440; break; case 490: old_m = 450; break; case 500: old_m = 460; break; case 510: old_m = 470; break; case 520: old_ m = 490; break; case 530: old_m = 500; break; case 540: old_m = 510; break; case 550: old_m = 520; break; case 560: old_m = 530; break; case 570: old_m = 550; break; case 580: old_m = 560; break; case 590: old_m = 570; break; case 600: old_m = 580; break; case 610: old_m = 590; break; case 620: old_m = 600; break; case 630: old_m = 610; break; case 640: old_m = 620; break; case 650: old_m = 630; break; case 660: old_m = 640; break; case 670: old_m = 650; break; case 680: old_m = 650; break; case 690: old_m = 660; break; case 700: old_m = 670; break; case 710: old_m = 680; break; case 720: old_m = 690; break; case 730: old_m = 700; break; case 740: old_m = 710; break; case 750: old_m = 720; break; case 760: old_m = 740; break; case 770: old_m = 750; break; case 780: old_m = 760; break; case 790: old_m = 780; break; case 800: old_m = 800; break; } $("#out_old_math").val(old_m); } if (isNaN(new_v)) { $("#out_old_critical").val(''); } else { switch (new_v) { case 200:old_v = 400;break;case 210:old_v = 410;break;case 220:old_v = 420;break;case 230:old_v = 430;break;case 240:old_v = 440;break;case 250:old_v = 440;break;case 260:old_v = 450;break;case 270:old_v = 460;break;case 280:old_v = 470;break;case 290:old_v = 480;break;case 300:old_v = 490;break;case 310:old_v = 500;break;case 320:old_v = 520;break;case 330:old_v = 550;break;case 340:old_v = 570;break;case 350:old_v = 600;break;case 360:old_v = 620;break;case 370:old_v = 640;break;case 380:old_v = 660;break;case 390:old_v = 690;break;case 400:old_v = 710;break;case 410:old_v = 730;break;case 420:old_v = 750;break;case 430:old_v = 770;break;case 440:old_v = 790;break;case 450:old_v = 800;break;case 460:old_v = 820;break;case 470:old_v = 840;break;case 480:old_v = 860;break;case 490:old_v = 880;break;case 500:old_v = 890;break;case 510:old_v = 910;break;case 520:old_v = 930;break;case 530:old_v = 950;break;case 540:old_v = 970;break;case 550:old_v = 990;break;ca se 560:old_v = 1010;break;case 570:old_v = 1020;break;case 580:old_v = 1040;break;case 590:old_v = 1060;break;case 600:old_v = 1080;break;case 610:old_v = 1100;break;case 620:old_v = 1120;break;case 630:old_v = 1150;break;case 640:old_v = 1170;break;case 650:old_v = 1190;break;case 660:old_v = 1210;break;case 670:old_v = 1240;break;case 680:old_v = 1260;break;case 690:old_v = 1290;break;case 700:old_v = 1310;break;case 710:old_v = 1340;break;case 720:old_v = 1370;break;case 730:old_v = 1390;break;case 740:old_v = 1420;break;case 750:old_v = 1450;break;case 760:old_v = 1480;break;case 770:old_v = 1510;break;case 780:old_v = 1540;break;case 790:old_v = 1560;break;case 800:old_v = 1590;break; } $("#out_old_critical").val(old_v); } if (!isNaN(new_total)) { $("#out_new_total2").val(new_total); switch(new_total) { case 400: old_total = 600; break;case 410: old_total = 610; break;case 420: old_total = 620; break;case 430: old_total = 630; break;case 440: old_total = 640; break;case 450: old_total = 650; break;case 460: old_total = 660; break;case 470: old_total = 670; break;case 480: old_total = 680; break;case 490: old_total = 690; break;case 500: old_total = 700; break;case 510: old_total = 710; break;case 520: old_total = 720; break;case 530: old_total = 730; break;case 540: old_total = 730; break;case 550: old_total = 740; break;case 560: old_total = 750; break;case 570: old_total = 760; break;case 580: old_total = 770; break;case 590: old_total = 780; break;case 600: old_total = 790; break;case 610: old_total = 800; break;case 620: old_total = 810; break;case 630: old_total = 820; break;case 640: old_total = 830; break;case 650: old_total = 840; break;case 660: old_total = 850; break;case 670: old_total = 860; break;case 680: old_total = 870; break;case 690: old_total = 880; break;ca se 700: old_total = 900; break;case 710: old_total = 910; break;case 720: old_total = 930; break;case 730: old_total = 950; break;case 740: old_total = 960; break;case 750: old_total = 980; break;case 760: old_total = 990; break;case 770: old_total = 1010; break;case 780: old_total = 1030; break;case 790: old_total = 1040; break;case 800: old_total = 1060; break;case 810: old_total = 1070; break;case 820: old_total = 1090; break;case 830: old_total = 1110; break;case 840: old_total = 1120; break;case 850: old_total = 1140; break;case 860: old_total = 1150; break;case 870: old_total = 1170; break;case 880: old_total = 1180; break;case 890: old_total = 1200; break;case 900: old_total = 1210; break;case 910: old_total = 1220; break;case 920: old_total = 1240; break;case 930: old_total = 1250; break;case 940: old_total = 1270; break;case 950: old_total = 1280; break;case 960: old_total = 1300; break;case 970: old_total = 1310; break;case 980: old_total = 1330; break;case 990: old_total = 1340; break;case 1000: old_total = 1360; break;case 1010: old_total = 1370; break;case 1020: old_total = 1390; break;case 1030: old_total = 1400; break;case 1040: old_total = 1420; break;case 1050: old_total = 1430; break;case 1060: old_total = 1450; break;case 1070: old_total = 1460; break;case 1080: old_total = 1480; break;case 1090: old_total = 1490; break;case 1100: old_total = 1510; break;case 1110: old_total = 1530; break;case 1120: old_total = 1540; break;case 1130: old_total = 1560; break;case 1140: old_total = 1570; break;case 1150: old_total = 1590; break;case 1160: old_total = 1610; break;case 1170: old_total = 1620; break;case 1180: old_total = 1640; break;case 1190: old_total = 1650; break;case 1200: old_total = 1670; break;case 1210: old_total = 1680; break;case 1220: old_total = 1700; break;case 1230: old_total = 1710; break;case 1240: old_total = 1730; break;case 1250: old_total = 1750; break;case 1260: old_total = 1760; break;case 1270: old_total = 1780; break;cas e 1280: old_total = 1790; break;case 1290: old_total = 1810; break;case 1300: old_total = 1820; break;case 1310: old_total = 1840; break;case 1320: old_total = 1850; break;case 1330: old_total = 1870; break;case 1340: old_total = 1880; break;case 1350: old_total = 1900; break;case 1360: old_total = 1920; break;case 1370: old_total = 1930; break;case 1380: old_total = 1950; break;case 1390: old_total = 1970; break;case 1400: old_total = 1990; break;case 1410: old_total = 2000; break;case 1420: old_total = 2020; break;case 1430: old_total = 2040; break;case 1440: old_total = 2060; break;case 1450: old_total = 2080; break;case 1460: old_total = 2090; break;case 1470: old_total = 2110; break;case 1480: old_total = 2130; break;case 1490: old_total = 2150; break;case 1500: old_total = 2170; break;case 1510: old_total = 2190; break;case 1520: old_total = 2210; break;case 1530: old_total = 2230; break;case 1540: old_total = 2260; break;case 1550: old_total = 2280; break;case 1560: old_total = 2300; break;case 1570: old_total = 2330; break;case 1580: old_total = 2350; break;case 1590: old_total = 2370; break;case 1600: old_total = 2390; break; } $("#out_old_total2").val(old_total); var new_to_old_error_payload = "Why don't the old section scores add up to the old total score? Summing ".concat(old_m.toString()," and ",old_v.toString()," gives ",(old_m+old_v).toString(),", not ",old_total.toString(),"! The reason is that the College Board has one conversion table for individual sections (like Math to Math), and another for total to total conversion. They try to make each individual conversion as accurate as possible, which leads to some inconsistencies. You can read more here.Long story short? Don't worry about it. These are only meant to be estimates anyway. The two totals are ",Math.abs(old_total-old_m-old_v).toString()," points apart - just split the difference and use that value for what you need."); if (old_total != (old_v + old_m)) { document.getElementById("new_to_old_error").innerHTML = new_to_old_error_payload; } else { document.getElementById("new_to_old_error").innerHTML = ""; } } else { $("#out_old_total2").val(''); $("#out_new_total2").val(''); document.getElementById("new_to_old_error").innerHTML = ""; } }); }); // ]]> More Information About Converting Between Scores When You'll Want to Convert Between Scores On one hand, the new SAT and the old SAT are different tests. No single test captures all the information from other tests. Comparing your score on the two tests is, in some ways, like comparing your marathon speed with your 100-meter-sprint speed. While the two speeds are probably correlated, the tests are different, and no one test fully summarizes the other. On the other hand, scores from the two tests are indisputably related. They both aim to test similar concepts, they have similar functions as college admissions tests, and they both keep some of the same multiple-choice features. If you do well on one test, you'll tend to do well on the other. Therefore,it absolutely makes sense to talk about converting between one score and another. The concept we use in the conversion above is calledtheoretical equivalence. That is, if you were to perform as well on one test as the other, what would your total score and section scores be? This gives us a formula where the math section remains the same, and the verbal sections map onto each other. You can use this conversionif you're administering scholarships or admissions and want the same standards across the board. If you're intuitively used to thinking in terms of Old SAT scores, this conversion lets you understand New SAT scores better. However, you should be aware of one caveat if you are using conversion tables to predict test scores. The caveat is that you'll experience regression to the mean. If you did better than average on the old sat (above 1500), you'll do just a tad lower than on the new SAT than your conversion chart score. Likewise, if you did worse than average (less than 1500) on the old SAT, you'll do just a tad better on the new SAT. The reason for this is that new test doesn't test exactly the same things as the old test, and for the new subjects being tested, you are statistically more likely to do more average. Thus, you should expect your score to shrink towards the average. What To Do Next? Now you've converted between the two scores, one thing you should very seriously consider is taking the new SAT. Even if you have an old SAT score, and you've predicted your new SAT score according to the above conversion formula, you will likely perform somewhat differently when you take the real new SAT. This is a good thing because, with superscoring, you have two bites at the apple and more chances to improve. Likewise, if you took both the old SAT and the new SAT, and found that your old SAT converted to more than your actual new SAT score, this is a sign you just had bad luck on your new SAT. If you take it again, there is a good chance you'll scorehigher! FurtherReading Wondering how many times you should take the SAT? Check out our guide and learn the exact number that's best for you! Planning on taking the SAT? Learn thebest ways to study for the new version of the SAT. Have you taken the SAT more than once or are planning on taking it more than once? Superscoring can be a huge benefit for you! Learn what superscoring is,when it's used, and how it can help you with college admissions. //

An Interpretation of Chris Ofili's Afrodizzia Essay

An Interpretation of Chris Ofili's Afrodizzia - Essay Example To comprehend Chris Ofili’s work and interpret it in a fair manner, we have to identify styles that are consistent with his work. Ofili’s work is recognizable by the layered surfaces of different materials. He borrows from the works of other artists and incorporates them into his work. An example is the way he uses the cut out of photographs from magazines. Another feature common among Ofili’s work is the size of his paintings. He does most of his work on six by eight feet canvases. Not that size means anything significant but I choose not to ignore it as a factor in the interpretation of his work. In my opinion, he desires to â€Å"magnify† the message in his works. I will give the example of his controversial painting the â€Å"Holy Virgin Mary† which has had its admirers and condemners. The work was a brazen play on religion and it could not be ignored largely because of its depiction of the Black Madonna. I argue that the size of that painting w as an intention to magnify that depiction as with all other Ofili’s paintings. Lastly, Ofili uses cow dung in most of his exertion. He said that the elephant dung was inspired by his visit to Zimbabwe during his masters at the Royal College of Art. He saw cave paintings which inspires his styles including his use of dung. He has often contended that the dung is meant to bring out the â€Å"ugliness† of the beauty of his paintings. It is important to note that Mr. Ofili derives his inspiration to make art from the social and political events affecting him or the community in general. Most of his paintings document the issues affecting black people between the 70s and 90s. An example is â€Å"No Woman No Cry† which was inspired by racism against black in Britain. In his paintings also, Ofili asserts his thoughts on religion, popular culture and music (hip hop). The â€Å"Holy Virgin Mary† is a good example of where Ofili makes a bold but humorous statement on the Roman Catholic faith (Kleiner, 2008, p. 55). â€Å"Afrodizzia† looks like a jewel. The medium used in the base composition of the painting is acrylic paint with oil resin, glitter, paper collage; map pins and elephant compost. The collage, the paint and the lines drawings in the piece make it quite a sight. Ofili has used red, yellow and orange colors in the painting to signify energy, excitement and radiance. These are the same words that could be used to describe the color scheme. The white background of the painting is a probable allusion to a clean sheet that will be â€Å"stained† by elephant dung. The introduction of green and blue colors creates a clash that can be directly interpreted to signify Ofili’s search for identity. Color in art speaks of the mood of the piece in study. Ofili’s decision to use many colors in an unspecified pattern shows a clash of emotions, identity and character. â€Å"Afrodizzia â€Å"was painted during a period fraught with the outcomes of racial tension in Great Britain. It was completed in 1996, three years after the racist murder of Stephen Lawrence by six white youths (Campbell 1993) and during the Macpherson enquiry into his death. This tension had/has been ongoing since the Brixton riots in 1981 with Macpherson finding that certain institutions in Britain were racist and incompetent. Perhaps, Chris Ofili represented

TREASURY & RISK MANAGEMENT Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

TREASURY & RISK MANAGEMENT - Essay Example The TMEM’s president had to come up with a proposal, on how to reduce and even eliminate the losses, and present it to the company CEO in Japan. Therefore, this case analysis will seek to provide possible reasons that could have forced the company to delay shifting its manufacturing centers for European market to Europe. Also, analysis of both the effects that could have been experienced if the Euro had joined European Monetary Union and other factors on the company’s situation will be provided. Next, possible problems leading to the losses being experienced by the company will be categorized into either short term or long term. The final part of analysis will provide recommendation of appropriate measures that the company should have taken to resolve the problems. There are a number of reasons that might have forced Toyota to delay in moving its manufacturing for European sales to Europe. The most probable reasons could be associated with the depreciation of Euro against major currencies, the expected costs of setting up the plant, availability of labor, anticipated risks of either losing their intellectual property as a result of theft, need for up-to-date innovations, strategic problems as well as feeling of being unprepared. To begin with off shoring manufacturing to Europe without a clear thought of plan could have resulted into two strategic problems (Wood 2009). One of the strategic problems is logistical issues. Spreading out manufacturing activities without having a good plan in place could expose the company to unexpected disruption of important supplies. Although the need to offshore manufacturing to Europe could have been appropriate in enabling the company to compete with its rivals, responding to customers’ needs could hav e been a problem (Bessis 2011). The other reason that could have resulted to a delay in shifting manufacturing to Europe

Ebonics & Education Essay Example for Free

Ebonics Education Essay The Ebonics controversy in America has developed into a major conflict over the years. It has become a more serious concern within the public school system. The complex where the nation’s school systems lower their expectations of black youth to coincide with the patterns of Ebonics, the word used to refer to African American Vernacular English, has resulted in an epidemic where blacks graduate from High School reading three grade levels below their white counterparts. For the multiple number of theories that attempt to explain this phenomenon, very few have been able to counter the adverse culture that has developed in America as a product of Ebonics being considered a valid dialect. A wide range of theorists and politicians have used the American educational system as a platform on which to gain civil approval. There is a popular consensus that income designates the quality of one’s education in America. This state of socioeconomic prejudice has a detrimental effect on the face of our society. It can be argued that a single standard curriculum should be equally implemented and taught throughout the nation, and that this curriculum should be similar to the elite executive curriculum, which Jean Anyon identifies as the best education our country has to offer in her article Social Class and the Hidden Curriculum of Work. She identifies how many believe that private and public sector schools should be merged together, along with their curriculums (2006). She breaks down education into two curriculums, upper class and lower class, or working and executive class. Equalizing the differences between these two forms of education has always been the job of standardized testing. Initially standardized testing in America was used to asses one’s calculative ability. It is now being replaced, starting at the middle school level, with a format that revolves around authentic assessment (Wiggins, 1990). Authentic assessment is the direct evaluation of student performance through tasks that exercise their intellect. The tests are also known to evaluate creativity, listening and comprehension skills, experimental research in science, speaking and discussion skills and historical inquiry. It has been designed to replace traditional standardized testing, which means it eventually will be used in all schools across the nation to identify the intellectual elite. This is considered to be a major advent in education that will counter act the nation’s stigma of low expectations ushered in by the validation of Ebonics. A major cause of the low expectations placed on black youth in schools can partly be credited to those doing the research, as Kimberly Griffin points out in her article Striving for Success: A Qualitative Exploration of Competing Theories of High-Achieving Black College Students Academic Motivation, when she says, research on the academic performance of Black students has focused on low-achievers, framing their academic motivation as maladaptive and driven by externally (e. g. , competition or compliance) rather than internally (e. g. love of learning) generated forces (Griffin, 2006). This heavy focus on those blacks who have low quality achievement, has led to a neglect in the understanding of what drives the higher achieving students to be successful. Findings show that self-determination theory, socio-cognitive theory, and attribution theory cannot individually explain the motivation of these Black high-achievers. Instead, a multidimensional framework that incorporates all three models and that highlights internal and external sources of motivation best accounts for these students experiences (Griffin, 2006). Griffin goes on to cite an interview with a young black student that was less affluent than others. The dialogue reveals that the pressure of stereotypes and low expectations has a weighing effect on the level of effort and achievement that black students have in the class room. This is a stigma that is present whether the student is of a lower or higher class, but the lower the class of the student the even heavier the stereotypes are that weigh on them. I think probably intrinsically I might have felt at one point that I needed to try harder, because I was Black, to not be a stereotype . . . not just chill, you know, talk with Ebonics or stuff like—the stereotype that people have of Black people. I purposely try to steer away from that. I think thats certainly definitely, in a certain respect, thats true (Griffin, 2006). This pressure that stems from the inherent stereotypes perpetuated through the use of Ebonics is even further enhanced by a misunderstanding of this complex between the students and their teachers. Griffin points this out as well when she says, the fact that many [teacher education] students do not share the same ethnic, social, racial and linguistic backgrounds as their students may lead to cultural incongruencies in the classroom which can mediate against educational effectiveness( Griffin, 2006). It is Griffin’s belief that these incompatibilities between the black students and their predominantly white teachers results in a complex to be maladaptive, in a way that is very evident. These incompatibilities are evident in value orientation, behavioral norms and expectations and styles, social interactions, self presentation, communication and cognitive processing (Griffin, 2006). Griffin’s article proves that even the system through which these students are studied for the purpose of better improving their achievement is a vicious cycle itself filled with misunderstandings and blatant neglect of the methods that may actually be successful, specifically teaching methods like andragogy and reflective learning. Androgogy and reflective learning are two educational forms that have become very prevalent at the collegiate level. They are considered to be the two best teaching methods in educating adults. This has been found to be specifically true for pre-med and science majors in college, due to andragogy’s focus on authentic assessment (Kolb 2001, p. 1975). Authentic assessment is the direct evaluation of student performance through tasks that exercise their intellect. These evaluations tend to exercise their: creativity, listening and comprehension skills, experimental research in science, speaking and discussion skills and historical inquiry. It largely corresponds with standardized testing (Kolb 2001, p. 1975). Authentic assessment asks that students acquire knowledge and be able to practice logic as apposed to just being able to regurgitate pre-fed facts. The main characteristics of these evaluations, is that they apply standardized test curriculum to real life circumstances. Authentic assessment is the product of a reform in education. This shift is to make standardized testing less drill oriented and applicable to what is expected will be necessary in the students’ adult life. These tests hold students to higher standards as well as create a growing body of accurate awareness pertaining to student learning. This way the teacher learns from the student as well. The key argument these test pose is that for the traditional testing method, the right answers are not rationales. This basically acknowledges that the level of logic required for traditional standardized tests is lacking. This is due to a relationship that involves test takers who simply cram for their tests, and instructors who feel the tests have no relevance to their teaching ability. This is a common occurrence that has resulted in resentment for traditional standardized testing on the behalf of both parties involved. Authentic assessment is a genuine push towards the implementation of more authentic tasks. Instructors find it easier to apply these tasks to their curriculum and students find it easier to assess what is expected of them. It is considered a form of improving overall performance, in a testing system traditionally structured solely to monitor it. This fault in western education is the main catalyst for shifts in standardized testing that focus more on authentic assessment and experiential learning. Medical students and students pursuing the sciences, like psychology or sociology, are expected to have certain skills appropriate for the practice of their profession. This requires a form of learning that can assesses curriculum and then apply it to real life situations. As well as the medical and science field, andragogy and reflective learning is being used to enhance the productivity of multimillion dollar corporations. Experiential learning thus involves a, direct encounter with the phenomena being studied rather than merely thinking about the encounter, or only considering the possibility of doing something about it. (Borzak 1981: 9 quoted in Brookfield 1983). This sort of learning is sponsored by an institution and might be used on training programmes for professions such as social work and teaching or in field study programmes such as those for social administration or geography courses. Kolb, David A. , ‘david a. kolb on experiential learning’ Kolb breaks down understanding of experiential learning into an understanding of the American educational systems use of the field trip and project based learning (Kolb 2001, p. 1975). While project based learning is considered to be one of the best methods of learning for all individuals because it promotes authentic assessment, and thus provides young black students especially to expand their understanding of the Western culture from which they have been systematically alienated, it is also very expensive to organize. Anyon discovers that the majority of contemporary textbook instruction is designed for the working class. PBL programs are usually not supported in public schools because of the amount of funding they require. This discrepancy is usually applicable to public schools and whether one is located near high income housing or low income housing. Jonathan Kozol describes the discrepancies between these two types of schooling in his interview with Marge Scherer. In the interview titled, On Savage Inequalities: A Conversation with Jonathan Kozol, he talks about his experience in St. Louis and how the schools in low income areas, which are predominantly black, barely have money for water, while the schools near by in the wealthier districts could buy advanced school supplies as well as carryout project based learning, such as field trips. Kozol credits this problem to the use of property tax to fund schools in low income areas. He states: we ought to finance the education of every child in America equitably, with adjustments made only for the greater or lesser needs of certain children. And that funding should all come from the collective wealth of our society, mainly from a steeply graduated progressive income tax. (Kozol) This particular tax could make project based learning more affordable, which would be the most influential step to improving classroom education. The most common contemporary example of PBL is dissecting insects and animals. It has become an American tradition and almost a right of passage in high school. Project Based Management has a very beneficial influence on the education of our country. One might wonder why it’s not the only curriculum used. The use of chaperones, instructional tools, and methods of transportation are often required and considered expensive. The benefit is that people tend to remember more from their field trips than textbook lessons and many of these labs require authentic assessment, which is good considering the new shift in standardized testing. The downfall is in the fact that authentic assessment is dependent on the student’s past experiences. This allows for some projects to result in the isolation of certain students. The inner city children are deprived because their school systems can’t afford implementing PBL curriculums. Chairperson of the Department of Education at Rutgers University, in her essay From Social Class and the Hidden Curriculum of Work Jean Anyon analyzes the nature of underprivileged education. Anyon argues that depending on their social class, different levels of educations are available to young people. This mostly applies to schools in different districts and social communities and it can particularly be seen in the difference between private and public schooling. To make the concept clear, she further applies this to a description of a kind of mental segregation happening within the classroom; in which, students sitting next to one another are rewarded differently solely based on their socioeconomic standing in the community. She does this by pointing out that, students in different social-class backgrounds are rewarded for classroom behaviors that correspond to personality traits allegedly rewarded in the different occupational strata – the working classes for docility and obedience, the managerial classes for initiative and personal assertiveness. (Anyon) This is the key ideal of Anyon’s theory. An example of the theory at work can be seen in research that finds project based learning prepares students for more abstract assessment, and prepares them to handle real world situations, as opposed to those in the textbook. PBL is most prevalent in private and high income community public schools. This creates a system where the students taught in the private schools are taught to think independently in a rational but unconfined way, while the lower income children are only taught to follow instructions. These differing perspectives on education have had a controversial and conflicting history in America. Gary Colombo based much of his research on this conflict. Gary Colombo argues that the majority of the Founding Fathers were wealthy conservatives who were honestly opposed to democracy. This signifies them as an elitist class constructing laws that will better maintain their control of the government. Their initial goal was to keep power in the hands of the wealthy, and prevent the majority from realizing their strength. One major modern day justifications for this elitist view is that, these framers were the same men who risked their lives for the good of others by signing the declaration of independence, and they are getting what is owed to them. It is Garry Colombo’s view that these patriots did not intend to revolutionize democracy, but that their sole intention was to gain independence from Britain in order to get the country out of their pockets. Aware that the Constitution would be opposed by the working class, who made up the majority of the people, the construction of the deceleration and its signing were held in private. The media was used conceal the constitution’s actual goal, while at the same time to persuade people in its favor. Along with a literate media Colombo points out that the American government found it necessary, particularly during Thomas Jefferson’s presidency, to promote and finance a literate working class. It is Colombo’s view that the sole purpose of their education was to develop individuals who would maintain the nation. These educated individuals were viewed as secondary to their task. This is the first sign in American history of education being used to exploit people for the benefit of the government. By identifying the failure of Thomas Jefferson to educate the Native American people, Colombo shows that American education was initially designed with absolutely no regard for the people. He best displays this conflict when he cites a letter written by a Native American to the President. our ideas of this kind of education happen not to be the same with yours†¦several of our young people were formerly brought up at the college of the northern provinces they were instructed in all your sciences; but when they came back to us, they were bad runners; ignorant of every means of living in the woods; unable to bear either cold or hunger; knew neither how to build a cabin, take a deer, or kill an enemy†¦they were totally good for nothing. (Colombo) Here Colombo identifies that, quality in education is deemed only as good as its ability to assimilate one into the culture in which they live. This assimilation is not one that produces equal opportunity for its participants. As previously proven by Anyon, socioeconomic conditions impede this dream dramatically from coming into fruition. In sum, Anyon argues that today’s working class curriculums center more on teaching black students to follow instructions rather than teaching them how to authentically assess problems. She undeniably proves that the children of higher income families are not taught in this fashion, and they are steered more towards developing skills in problem solving and decision making. Ebonics only further expands this gap between classes, considering the level of stereotypes that come along with its practice and the powerfully influential stigma that blacks are subject to as a result. If students are subject to the exact same nationwide testing, it would only be just that they receive the same educational curriculums. By using Ebonics in the school system, the nation is alienating blacks from the main stream through both class and race. Lower income students are being herded into remedial work, while the upper class students are being prepared for executive positions. This is an immoral practice, but there are risks that can occur if Anyon’s elitist curriculum is equally distributed throughout the country. Everyone can not manage the corporation some have to toil for the sake of the company. The working class may potentially have a better understanding of executive duties, if Anyon’s curriculum is implemented. With a greater appreciation for the business structure, working class employees may be educated enough to demand more benefits from their companies. The end result of implementing Anyon’s theory is that there will be a more diverse group of qualified candidates from which corporations select. This makes the face of corporate America as cultured as the nation it’s in, and it eliminates much of the disadvantaging prejudice that comes with elitism. This is proof that it is wise to utilize Anyon’s elite curriculum throughout all school systems. Every income scale should be accessible among all races and nationalities, but to assume that the children of high income families will work remedial jobs so the poor can be executives is irrational. Anyon’s curriculum must be set into action with the hope that it levels the playing field, and Ebonics needs to be abolished as a credible English vernacular.

Free Essays - Escape from Reality in A Farewell to Arms :: Farewell Arms Essays

Escape from Reality in A Farewell to Arms In Ernest Hemingway's A Farewell to Arms, Fredric Henry gets involved with Catherine Barkley to escape the insanity of war. Frederic loves Catherine. Catherine loves Frederic. The extreme situation of war and fate allowed both of them to be thrown together and fall in love. This love for one another was an escape into another world for Frederic. It provided him emotionally with a private place, where he could go to separate and evade the horrible realities of war occurring in and around him. Under any other normal circumstances this love probably would have never happened, but the pitcher had the curve ball in for Frederic from the first throw. He wanted him out. From the beginning, Frederic and Catherine's relationship started in a strange state. Frederic knew Catherine was a little cooky, but he still continued to pursue her. He did not even love her at first, but he still needed a way of escaping his present situation, so he decided what the hell, and went after her. Plus, he really didn't think he had anything to loose. There were no stakes named from the start. He didn't really care if he lost anyway. "I did not love Catherine Barkley nor had any idea of loving her. This was a game, like bridge, in which you said things instead of playing cards. Like bridge you had to pretend you were playing for money or playing for some stakes. Nobody had mentioned what the stakes were. It was all right with me. (Hemingway, 30-31) But this is where Frederic made his mistake. He kept his distance from right and wrong regarding war and love. He had separated himself from war and seemed to have no place in it at all, mentally or physically (for example when he is in the hospital in Book Two). But when Aymo is killed by his own army, Frederic discovers the reality that he is not really separated from this event at all. He is very much part of this war whether he likes it or not. At this point, he seems to go a little crazy himself and gets scared. He needs a way to escape immediately and ends up separating himself again through love. Frederic had not been prepared for the stress and pressure of the reality he had faultily deluded himself from.

Organic or Processed Food? Essay

Abstract In our society today we are battling obesity and unhealthy processed foods. We are one of the only countries left in the world that lets our government put GMOs in our food that is sold to the public. When are we going to take a stand in this country and stop letting our government control our food and poison us? Or better yet, we as Americans should start becoming more self-sufficient in growing and raising our own food. Unfortunately, not everyone is for being self-sufficient and want to buy the cheaper processed food in the stores because it is simply much cheaper, which I do concur, and it makes me feel there is a reason the government allows the processed food to be cheaper and the healthier foods to be outrageously more expensive. Is it really worth paying a hefty penny for organic food or should it be suffice to say that the processed GMO food, that is at a more affordable price, be sufficient for our health? According to, http://nongmoproject. org/, GMOs, or â€Å"genetically modified organisms,† are plants or animals that have been genetically engineered with DNA from bacteria, viruses or other plants and animals. These experimental combinations of genes from different species cannot occur in nature or in traditional crossbreeding. In more than 60 countries around the world there are bans on the production and sale of GMOs. â€Å"In the U. S., the government has approved GMOs based on studies conducted by the same corporations that created them and profit from their sale. Increasingly, Americans are taking matters into their own hands and choosing to opt out of the GMO experiment. † Talk about processed foods Talk about Organic foods Conclusion In conclusion to whether or not Organic food is in our best interest or if Processed GMOs are healthy enough for Americans to not be so concerned with, I believe it comes down to money. Yes, Health is extremely important but health costs money, and when you are limited to what you can buy, the cheaper route is almost always the option. You say,†Well why don’t they grow most of their crops and raise some chickens and rabbits†? That would be the best option of course, but the reality of it is, the people who have to work all day that live paycheck to paycheck either don’t have the desire, the space or the time to take care of the responsibility of producing their own food. So, their can really be no judgment on each individual American as to which option they decide. If you go GMO then at least you can pick the healthier of the choices they give you and stay active to fight obesity. Remember, YOU are your child’s number one role model. They are going to eat what you eat, act like you do and say what you say. So be proactive for your children and let’s create a healthier society for the future. References Online Documents NON-GMO PROJECT (2014). GMO Facts. What are GMOs? Retrieved from http://nongmoproject. org/.

Water Microbiology

Alyse Rose Microbiology Lab Bacterial Unknown March 25, 2013 Bacterial Unknown Report Each student was given an unknown bacteria to figure out. I was given the unknown bacteria S38. Everybody is supposed to do all sorts of test to identify the bacteria. The first thing I did was smear my bacteria on a liquid medium. I then proceeded to incubate the medium for 24-48 hours. 1. GRAM STAIN The next step I took in finding my unknown bacteria was to gram stain it.This is used to differentiate the bacteria. The different staining reagents are: crystal violet, grams iodine, acetone-alcohol, and grams safranin. Under the microscope it was a pink color, which means Gram Negative. Also, the shape was a rod. 2. KLIGER’S IRON AGAR (KIA) The next step I did was the KIA slant. This is for the Negative bacteria to see if they are in the Enteriobacteriaceae group. There are many different results than can occur, like: 1.Yellow slant/yellow deep- (A/A) glucose & lactose are fermented; if the bu tt has bubbles in it or is displaced, the tube is gas positive. 2. Red slant/yellow deep- (K/A) glucose but not lactose is fermented 3. Red slant/black deep- (K/A) glucose but not lactose is fermented and H2S2 is produced. The deep is acid (yellow) 4. Red slant/ red deep- (K/NC) neither carbohydrate is fermented. Peptone is degraded aerobically My result was a red slant and black deep. When is H2S2 is produced. Read Chapter 8 Microbial GeneticsThe deep is acid (yellow). Glucose was fermented and lactose wasn’t. 3. UREASE HYDROLYSIS TEST This test is used to see if urea is used. Proteus can be determined because there fast urease activity. Proteus is the ability to utilize lactose. My test resulted in a positive result. It was a pink color. In my end result, my unknown bacteria is Proteus Vulgaris. Gram Stain| Positive Gram Stain| Negative gram stain| KIARed slant/black deep| Urease Test| Urease Positive| Urease Negative| Proteus Vulgaris|

Decision Support Systems

Decision Support Systems Introduction A decision support system is a form of a management information system (MIS). Other MIS methods include transaction processing systems and operations information systems. Management information systems are computer programs that provide the management in any organization with information essential for effective running of the organization, for example, an MIS can be designed to improve communication among staff and to provide a platform for recording information regarding the organization’s revenue and expenditure.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Decision Support Systems specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Decision support systems (DSS), similar to other MISs, are computer programs that aid managers in their day-to-day decision making processes without requiring the presence of computer experts. A DSS has three major elements: Database management system (DBMS) that stocks huge volumes of data that i s vital in finding solutions to problems for which the DSS has been designed to solve; Model-based management systems (MBMS) that processes data received from the DBMS in information that is vital for decision-making; Dialog generation and management system (DGMS) that gives an easy-to-use interface between the system and the managers who lack a broad knowledge of computer-based applications (Turban Liang, 2008, pp. 574). A Brief History of DSS DSS has developed from two core areas of study: the theoretical study of decision-making undertaken at the Carnegie Institute of Tech. during the late 1950s, and the scientific research on interactive computer systems largely done at Massachusetts Institute of Technology (Keen, 1978, pp. 10) in the late 1960s. Research and study of DSS gained momentum in the mid-1970s, it was during this time that scientists began to identify a part that computer-based information systems (CBIS) could be of assistance to managers in their decision making pr ocesses. Since then, DSS became a major area of study and in the 1980s, several DSS systems emerged from a sole user and model-oriented DSS, these included the group decision support systems (GDSS) and executive information systems (EIS). EIS is a important tool for firm executives as it provides real-time and vital information that has been processed for tracking and managerial purposes. In the early 1990s, data warehousing and on-line analytical processing (OLAP) started widening the scope of DSS and by the turn of the millennium, new web-based DSS programs were launched. Technological advancements have seen the DSS emerge as an important constituent of the management sector. The introduction of new and better tools has seen the DSS to form an integral element of management design. Decision Support Systems DSSs transform data in such a way that they become useful and quality decisions can be made from them. Coming up with the right decisions usually depends on the quality of data fed into the DSS and the user’s ability to filter the data and identify trends to which one can find solutions. Generally, DSS are simply computer applications along with a human interface that can sort out, process large amounts of data, and carry out the required analyses (Druzdel, 2002, pp. 6).Advertising Looking for essay on it? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More A majority of people think that DSSs are a specific division of an organization, however, a majority of companies have incorporated this systems into their daily routines, for example, a number of firms frequently download and study income and revenue data, projected growth, and budget sheets, and they refresh their plans once the analysis of the current results is complete. DSSs have a solid position in firms, yet the data and decisions they are founded on are ever changing. The main function of DSSs is to collect data, analyze, identify trends in t he collected data, and then create strategic decisions or plans from the analyses. Whether computers, databases or persons participate in the process is usually not important, however, it is this procedure of taking unstructured records, collecting it, and after analysis, using it to assist in decision-making. DSS can be categorized in to several models, the number of categories vary from one person to another. For example, we can have two categories when we consider the extent of data processing: passive and inactive, passive DSS only collects and analyzes data while an active DSS goes a step further and processes it. Another categorization system that considers the mode of assistance gives rise to five categories: A Model driven DSS is when managers use statistical, replication, or financial models as a basis of their decisions; A Communication driven DSS is when a number of people work together in coming up with a solution or plan; A Document driven DSS utilizes documents in a n umber of data type to make decisions and strategic plans; A Knowledge driven DSS provides specifically designed rules in a computer to come up with a decision; and A data driven DSS focuses on collected data that is then operated on to correspond the manager’s needs (Topbits, 2010, para. 8). Advantages of DSS There are several advantage that are associated with DSSs, especially in comparison with earlier methods of making decisions. These are outlined below: DSSs enhance personal efficiency- when data is collected and analyzed using scientific DSS methods, there is a drastic reduction of errors collectively known as human errors. After the data is analyzed, managers are able to make informed decisions based on the findings of the DSS procedure; DSSs hasten the pace of problem solving in an organization since the processes are done by automated systems. After installing the appropriate scientific formulas in the computer, the rest of the procedure is taken over by the comput er and the analytic process is swift. Besides, the DSS system filters the data for easier management and hence shortens the duration between data collection and decision-making. DSSs enhance information tracking since the analysis process is systematic and each stage can be tracked easily. Care should be taken during the data collection process, and when feeding it into the computer. Other merits of decision support systems include: enhancing interpersonal communication, reveals new fronts of handling organizational needs; and increases the competitive advantage of a firm. Disadvantages Reduced â€Å"user friendliness†. Although DSSs have been simplified in the recent years, it still remains a hurdle for some companies, especially those that do not have the resources required to implement it. There are costs incurred during the installation stage and staff training, small companies that cannot meet the costs have to resort to traditional methods of making decisions. Hard to quantify. Another problem in using decision support systems stems from the fact that if decision makers do not how to combine the output, the whole process will be in vain. Most decision support systems give outputs that are mathematical in nature, and they require mathematical calculations to find out the type of decision to be made. Finding solutions to model inadequacies. Another problem that comes with the use of DSSs is that the manager/user may not fully understand the inadequacies/ limitations of the DSS model under use. There may be instances where the user knows the knowledge that is required, but not the way to retrieve that knowledge. This problem is common in statistical analysis of data. The majority of statistical packages have a number of tests to be carried out on data irrespective of whether it is suitable or not. Effectiveness of the system A number of new tools and technologies are currently being developed to be added on to the DSS platform, these changes will reshape decision-making in organizations (Eom, 2001, pp. 11). New tools include hardware and computer software, artificial intelligence systems, data mining, OLAP, and internet analysis gadgets. In short, the future of decision support systems is bright. Any company or organization that does not embrace DSS methods and practices will have no place in the future as a majority of companies will have adopted DSSs. Such companies will lack a competitive advantage and will only watch as rivals register huge growth margins. However, we do not have to base growth on future innovations since the competition has already began. Adoption of DSS methods has a couple of benefits as earlier discussed. A firm’s expenses are reduced when it implements DSS methods, for example, fewer staff is required since most of the computerized systems will do most of the work. Besides, the analyses will be carried out in real-time and enable the manager to make even the most urgent decisions. Looking bac k at the advantages and disadvantages of the system, the decision to adopt a decision support system was a positive one.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Decision Support Systems specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Reference List Druzdel, M. J. (2002). Decision Support Systems. Encyclopedia of Library and  Information Science. New York: Marcel Dekker, Inc Eom, S. B. (2001). Decision Support Systems. International Encyclopedia of Business  and Management. London: International Thomson Business Publishing. Keen, P. G. W. (1978). Decision support systems: an organizational perspective. Reading: Addison-Wesley Pub. Co TopBits. (2010). Decision support system. Retrieved from tech-faq.com/decision-support-system.html Turban, E., Aronson, J. E., and Liang, T. (2008). Decision Support Systems and  Intelligent Systems. California: Pearson/Prentice hall

British Cuisine

Some people criticize English nutrient. They say it s impossible, deadening, tasteless, it s french friess with everything and wholly overcooked veggies. The basic ingredients, when fresh, are so full of spirit that British have nt had to contrive sauces to mask their natural gustatory sensation. What can compare with fresh urines or new murphies merely boiled and served with butter? Why drown spring lamb in vino or pick and spices, when with merely one or two herbs it is perfectly delightful? If you ask aliens to call some typically English dishes, they will likely state Fish and french friess so halt. It is dissatisfactory, but true that, there is no tradition in England of eating in eating houses, because the nutrient does nt impart itself to such readying. English cookery is found at place. So it is hard to a good English eating house with a sensible monetary values. In most metropoliss in Britain you ll happen Indian, Chinese, Gallic and Italian eating houses. In London you ll besides happen Indonesian, Mexican, Greek Cynics will state that this is because English have no culinary art themselves, but this is non rather the true.# 1040 ; # 1085 ; # 1075 ; # 1083 ; # 1080 ; # 1081 ; # 1089 ; # 1082 ; # 1072 ; # 1103 ; # 1082 ; # 1091 ; # 1093 ; # 1085 ; # 1103 ;# 1053 ; # 1077 ; # 1082 ; # 1086 ; # 1090 ; # 1086 ; # 1088 ; # 1099 ; # 1077 ; # 1082 ; # 1088 ; # 1080 ; # 1090 ; # 1080 ; # 1082 ; # 1091 ; # 1102 ; # 1090 ; # 1072 ; # 1085 ; # 1075 ; # 1083 ; # 1080 ; # 1081 ; # 1089 ; # 1082 ; # 1091 ; # 1102 ; # 1077 ; # 1076 ; # 1091 ; . # 1054 ; # 1085 ; # 1080 ; # 1075 ; # 1086 ; # 1074 ; # 1086 ; # 1088 ; # 1103 ; # 1090 ; , # 1095 ; # 1090 ; # 1086 ; # 1086 ; # 1085 ; # 1072 ; # 1085 ; # 1077 ; # 1074 ; # 1086 ; # 1079 ; # 1084 ; # 1086 ; # 1078 ; # 1085 ; # 1072 ; , # 107 3 ; # 1077 ; # 1079 ; # 1074 ; # 1082 ; # 1091 ; # 1089 ; # 1085 ; # 1072 ; , # 1095 ; # 1090 ; # 1086 ; # 1101 ; # 1090 ; # 1086 ; # 1095 ; # 1080 ; # 1087 ; # 1089 ; # 1099 ; 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Questions: 1. What do aliens state when they criticize English nutrient? 2. Make English people use a batch of sauces? 3. From a alien s point of position, what typically English dishes? 4. Make all English eat in eating houses? 5. What sort of eating houses can you happen in Britain? 6. Is it the true that English have no culinary art? Vocabulary: to knock # 1082 ; # 1088 ; # 1080 ; # 1090 ; # 1080 ; # 1082 ; # 1086 ; # 1074 ; # 1072 ; # 1090 ; # 1100 ; tasteless # 1073 ; # 1077 ; # 1079 ; # 1074 ; # 1082 ; # 1091 ; # 1089 ; # 1085 ; # 1099 ; # 1081 ; overcooked # 1087 ; # 1077 ; # 1088 ; # 1077 ; # 1074 ; # 1072 ; # 1088 ; # 1077 ; # 1085 ; # 1085 ; # 1099 ; # 1081 ; ingredient # 1080 ; # 1085 ; # 1075 ; # 1088 ; # 1077 ; # 1076 ; # 1080 ; # 1077 ; # 1085 ; # 1090 ; , # 1089 ; # 1086 ; # 1089 ; # 1090 ; # 1072 ; # 1074 ; # 1085 ; # 1072 ; # 1103 ; # 1095 ; # 1072 ; # 1089 ; # 1090 ; # 1100 ; toinvent # 1080 ; # 1079 ; # 1086 ; # 1073 ; # 1088 ; # 1077 ; # 1090 ; # 1072 ; # 1090 ; # 1100 ; sauces # 1089 ; # 1086 ; # 1091 ; # 1089 ; todisguise # 1089 ; # 1082 ; # 1088 ; # 1099 ; # 1090 ; # 1100 ; spice # 1089 ; # 1087 ; # 1077 ; # 1094 ; # 1080 ; # 1103 ; , # 1087 ; # 1088 ; # 1103 ; # 1085 ; # 1086 ; # 1089 ; # 1090 ; # 1100 ; herb # 1090 ; # 1088 ; # 1072 ; # 1074 ; # 1072 ; delightful # 1086 ; # 1095 ; # 1077 ; # 1085 ; # 1100 ; # 1074 ; # 1082 ; # 1091 ; # 1089 ; # 1085 ; # 1099 ; # 1081 ; let downing # 1086 ; # 1073 ; # 1080 ; # 1076 ; # 1085 ; # 1086 ; tolend # 1086 ; # 1076 ; # 1072 ; # 1083 ; # 1078 ; # 1080 ; # 1074 ; # 1072 ; # 1090 ; # 1100 ; culinary art # 1082 ; # 1091 ; # 1093 ; # 1085 ; # 1103 ;